Particles
20 patterns in this category
Subject marker. Indicates the subject of a sentence, especially when introducing new information or emphasizing the subject.
Nouns ending in vowel + 가, Nouns ending in consonant + 이
BeginnerTopic marker. Indicates the main topic or theme of a sentence. Used to contrast or provide general information about the topic.
Nouns ending in vowel + 는, Nouns ending in consonant + 은
BeginnerObject marker. Indicates the direct object of a transitive verb.
Nouns ending in vowel + 를. Nouns ending in consonant + 을. 사과 + 를 → 사과를. 책 + 을 → 책을. 학생 + 을 → 학생을. 한국어 + 를 → 한국어를.
BeginnerAnd/With particles. Express listing of things or people (and), or indicate the person with whom the subject performs an action (with).
와/과: Nouns ending in vowel + 와, nouns ending in consonant + 과. (이)랑: Nouns ending in vowel + 랑, nouns ending in consonant + 이랑. 하고: Can be used with any noun. 친구 + 와 → 친구와. 책 + 과 → 책과. 친구 + 랑 → 친구랑. 책 + 이랑 → 책이랑. 친구 + 하고 → 친구하고.
BeginnerPossessive marker. Indicates possession or relationship, equivalent to English 'of' or possessive 's.
Noun + 의. 친구 + 의 → 친구의. 한국 + 의 → 한국의. 엄마 + 의 → 엄마의. Can be omitted in casual speech: 엄마 집 (mom's house) instead of 엄마의 집.
BeginnerLocation/Direction particle. Indicates destination of movement (to) or location where something exists (at/in).
Noun + 에. 학교 + 에 → 학교에. 집 + 에 → 집에. Used with location: 책상 위에 (on the desk), 집 안에 (inside the house). Used with direction: 학교에 가요 (go to school), 집에 와요 (come home).
BeginnerTime particle. Indicates a point in time when something happens.
Specific time + 에. 월요일 + 에 → 월요일에. 3시 + 에 → 3시에. 12월 25일 + 에 → 12월 25일에. NOT used with: 어제, 오늘, 내일, 매일 (no 에 needed).
BeginnerLocation particle for actions. Indicates the location where an action takes place (at/in/from).
Noun + 에서. 도서관 + 에서 → 도서관에서. 한국 + 에서 → 한국에서. Used with action verbs: 도서관에서 공부해요 (study at library), 집에서 먹어요 (eat at home). Can mean "from": 한국에서 왔어요 (came from Korea).
BeginnerFrom...To particles. Expresses range: 에서...까지 for locations, 부터...까지 for time or order.
Location range: N에서 N까지. 서울에서 부산까지 (from Seoul to Busan). Time range: N부터 N까지. 월요일부터 금요일까지 (from Monday to Friday). 까지 can be used alone: 5시까지 (until 5 o'clock).
BeginnerTo/For particle for people. Indicates the recipient or target person of an action.
Noun + 에게/한테. 친구 + 에게 → 친구에게 (formal). 친구 + 한테 → 친구한테 (casual). Used with: 친구에게 주다 (give to friend), 엄마한테 전화하다 (call mom). Only used with people, not objects.
BeginnerAlso/Too particle. Adds the meaning of 'also', 'too', or 'even' to a noun.
Noun + 도. 저 + 도 → 저도 (also I). 커피 + 도 → 커피도 (also coffee). Replaces other particles: 저는 → 저도, 커피를 → 커피도, 학교에 → 학교에도.
BeginnerOnly particle. Indicates exclusivity or limitation, meaning 'only' or 'just'.
Noun + 만. 저 + 만 → 저만 (only I). 물 + 만 → 물만 (only water). Replaces other particles: 저는 → 저만, 물을 → 물만, 학교에 → 학교만.
BeginnerOnly (negative). Expresses limitation with negative meaning. Must be used with negative verb ending.
Noun + 밖에 + Negative verb. 물 + 밖에 + 안 마셔요 → 물밖에 안 마셔요 (only drink water, nothing else). 저 + 밖에 + 없어요 → 저밖에 없어요 (only I, no one else).
BeginnerBy/With/As particle. Indicates means, method, direction, or transformation.
Nouns ending in vowel + 로. Nouns ending in consonant + 으로. 버스 + 로 → 버스로 (by bus). 연필 + 로 → 연필로 (with pencil). 선생님 + 으로 → 선생님으로 (as teacher).
BeginnerOr/About particle. Expresses choice (or) or approximation (about/approximately).
Nouns ending in vowel + 나. Nouns ending in consonant + 이나. 사과 + 나 → 사과나. 책 + 이나 → 책이나. With numbers: 10명 + 이나 → 10명이나 (about 10 people).
BeginnerOr (listing). Used to list multiple options, meaning 'or' or 'either...or'.
Same as (이)나 ①: Nouns ending in vowel + 나, nouns ending in consonant + 이나. Used for flexible choices: 책이나 노트 (book or notebook - either is fine).
BeginnerApproximately/About. Indicates approximation or estimation.
Noun + 쯤. 10시 + 쯤 → 10시쯤 (around 10 o'clock). 10명 + 쯤 → 10명쯤 (about 10 people). 100원 + 쯤 → 100원쯤 (about 100 won).
BeginnerLike/As. Expresses similarity or comparison, meaning 'like' or 'as'.
Noun + 처럼/같이. 형 + 처럼 → 형처럼 (like older brother). 친구 + 같이 → 친구같이 (like a friend). Used for comparison: 그 사람은 선생님처럼 (that person is like a teacher).
BeginnerThan (comparison). Used in comparative sentences, meaning 'than' or 'compared to'.
Noun + 보다. 영어 + 보다 → 영어보다 (than English). Used in comparison: 한국어가 영어보다 어려워요 (Korean is more difficult than English). Structure: A이/가 B보다 + Adjective.
BeginnerEvery/Each. Indicates repetition or distribution, meaning 'every', 'each', or 'whenever'.
Noun + 마다. 아침 + 마다 → 아침마다 (every morning). 주 + 마다 → 주마다 (every week). Used for regular occurrence: 아침마다 운동해요 (exercise every morning).
Beginner